Optimizing post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) dyslipidemia management: Insights from the North American Acute Coronary Syndrome ACS Reflective III.

BACKGROUND: Despite contemporary practice guidelines, a substantial number of post-acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients fail to achieve guideline-recommended LDL-C thresholds. Our study aims to objectively investigate this evidence-to-practice care gap. Specifically, we aim to identify opportunities where additional lipid-lowering therapies are indicated and explore reasons for the non-prescription of guideline-recommended therapies. METHODS: ACS patients with LDL-C ≥1.81 mmol/L (70 mg/dL) despite maximally tolerated statin ± ezetimibe therapy (including those intolerant of ≥2 statins) were enrolled 1-12 months post-event from 27 Canadian and United States (U.S.) sites from September 2018 to October 2020 and followed up for three visits during the 12 months post-event. We determined the proportion of patients who did not achieve Canadian/U.S. guideline-recommended LDL-C thresholds, the number of patients who would have been eligible for additional lipid-lowering therapies, and reasons behind lack of escalation in lipid-lowering therapies when indicated. Individual patient and aggregate practice feedback, including guideline-recommended intensification suggestions were provided to each physician. RESULTS: Of the 248 patients enrolled in the pilot study (median age 64 [57, 73] years, 31.5% ¬¬¬¬-female and STEMI 27.4%), 75.4% were on high-intensity statins on the first visit. 18.5% of those who attended all 3 visits had an LDL-C measured only at the first visit which was above the threshold. After one year of follow-up, 51.9% of patients achieved LDL-C thresholds at either visit 2 or 3. In the context of feedback reminding physicians about guideline-directed LDL-C-modifying therapy in their individual participating patients, we observed an increase in the use of ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitor therapy at 3-12 months. This was associated with a significant lowering of the mean LDL-C (from 2.93 mmol/L [baseline] to 2.09 mmol/L [3-6 months] to 1.87 mmol/L [6-12 months]) and a significantly greater proportion of patients (from 0% [baseline] to 38.6% [3-6 months] to 53.4% [6-12 months]) achieving guideline-recommended LDL-C thresholds. The most prevalent reasons behind the non-intensification of LDL-C lowering therapy with ezetimibe and/or PCSK9i were LDL-C levels being close to target, the pre-existing use of other lipid-lowering therapies, patient refusal, and cost. CONCLUSION: Although most patients post-ACS are on high-intensity statin therapy, almost 50% failed to achieve guideline-recommended LDL-C thresholds by 1-year follow-up. Furthermore, additional lipid-lowering therapies in this high-risk group were underprescribed, and this may be linked to several factors including potential gaps in physician knowledge, treatment inertia, patient refusal, and cost.

A Rare Case of Anomalous Origin of Left Anterior Descending Artery From Right Coronary Ostium.

Coronary artery anomalies are rare congenital malformations, most often undiagnosed until late adolescence or adulthood when an angiogram is done for conditions such as myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death. Sometimes, an anomalous left coronary artery originating from the right coronary ostium might traverse between the aorta and pulmonary artery and cause chest pain, syncope, myocardial infarction, or sudden death even in younger patients. Here we present a case of an elderly female presenting with chest discomfort on exertion. The coronary angiogram revealed severe triple vessel disease and an ectopic left anterior descending artery arising from the right coronary ostium. After careful evaluation, it was determined that her symptoms were solely due to severe multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD). Thus, she underwent coronary artery bypass surgery for her CAD. It is important to consider anomalous coronary artery as an important differential diagnosis in patients with angina, ventricular arrhythmias, or even sudden cardiac death, especially in the younger population.

Prognostic usefulness of planar 123I-MIBG scintigraphic images of myocardial sympathetic innervation in congestive heart failure: Follow-Up data from ADMIRE-HF.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate whether planar 123I-MIBG myocardial scintigraphy predicts risk of death in heart failure (HF) patients up to 5 years after imaging. METHODS AND RESULTS: Subjects from ADMIRE-HF were followed for approximately 5 years after imaging (964 subjects, median follow-up 62.7 months). Subjects were stratified according to the heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio (< 1.60 vs ≥ 1.60) on planar 123I-MIBG scintigraphic images obtained at baseline in ADMIRE-HF. Cox proportional hazards models and Kaplan-Meier analyses were used to evaluate time to death, cardiac death, or arrhythmic events for subjects stratified by H/M ratio, baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF: < 25% and 25 to ≤ 35%), and by H/M strata within LVEF strata. All-cause mortality was 38.4% vs 20.9% and cardiac mortality was 16.8% vs 4.5%, in subjects with H/M < 1.60 vs ≥ 1.60, respectively (P < 0.05 for both comparisons). Subjects with preserved sympathetic innervation of the myocardium (H/M ≥ 1.60) were at significantly lower risk of all-cause and cardiac death, arrhythmic events, sudden cardiac death, or potentially life-threatening arrhythmias. Within LVEF strata, a trend toward a higher mortality for subjects with H/M < 1.60 was observed reaching significance for LVEF 25 to ≤ 35% only. CONCLUSIONS: During a median follow-up of 62.7 months, patients with H/M ≥ 1.60 were at significantly lower risk of death and arrhythmic events independently of LVEF values.

Nontyphoidal Salmonella purulent pericarditis presenting with pericardial tamponade in a patient on infliximab therapy.

Infection with nontyphoidal Salmonella is traditionally characterized by intestinal manifestations. However, extra-intestinal infections are known to occur, with purulent pericarditis associated with cardiac tamponade being rare. This case report is of a 57-year-old male with Crohn's disease initiated on infliximab therapy two months prior to presentation. He presented with recurrent chest pain and a single occurrence of fever. A Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the chest revealed a pericardial effusion. An echocardiogram confirmed the presence of the fluid with tamponade physiology, requiring immediate surgical decompression. The pericardial fluid culture grew Salmonella enterica, despite the patient having only a single episode of fever, disproportionate to the severity of the infection. Conceivably, the lack of systemic symptoms may be attributed to recent infliximab therapy. Upon conducting a literature review, immunosuppressive factors seem to play a significant role in nontyphoid Salmonella enterica pericardial effusion presenting with cardiac tamponade.

Randomized Comparison of Ridaforolimus- and Zotarolimus-Eluting Coronary Stents in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: Primary Results From the BIONICS Trial (BioNIR Ridaforolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent System in Coronary Stenosis).

BACKGROUND: The safety and efficacy of a novel cobalt alloy-based coronary stent with a durable elastomeric polymer eluting the antiproliferative agent ridaforolimus for treatment of patients with coronary artery disease is undetermined. METHODS: A prospective, international 1:1 randomized trial was conducted to evaluate in a noninferiority design the relative safety and efficacy of ridaforolimus-eluting stents (RESs) and slow-release zotarolimus-eluting stents among 1919 patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention at 76 centers. Inclusion criteria allowed enrollment of patients with recent myocardial infarction, total occlusions, bifurcations lesions, and other complex conditions. RESULTS: Baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics were similar between the groups. Overall, mean age was 63.4 years, 32.5% had diabetes mellitus, and 39.7% presented with acute coronary syndromes. At 12 months, the primary end point of target lesion failure (composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction, and target lesion revascularization) was 5.4% for both devices (upper bound of 1-sided 95% confidence interval 1.8%, Pnoninferiority=0.001). Definite/probable stent thrombosis rates were low in both groups (0.4% RES versus 0.6% zotarolimus-eluting stent, P=0.75); 13-month angiographic in-stent late lumen loss was 0.22±0.41 mm and 0.23±0.39 mm (Pnoninferiority=0.004) for the RES and zotarolimus-eluting stent groups, respectively, and intravascular ultrasound percent neointimal hyperplasia was 8.10±5.81 and 8.85±7.77, respectively (Pnoninferiority=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In the present trial, which allowed broad inclusion criteria, the novel RESs met the prespecified criteria for noninferiority compared with zotarolimus-eluting stents for the primary end point of target lesion failure at 12 months and had similar measures of late lumen loss. These findings support the safety and efficacy of RESs in patients who are representative of clinical practice. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01995487.

Safety and efficacy of cangrelor, an intravenous, short-acting platelet inhibitor in patients requiring coronary artery bypass surgery.

OBJECTIVE: Oral P2Y12 platelet receptor inhibitors are a cornerstone of reducing complications in patients with acute coronary syndromes or coronary stents. Guidelines advocate discontinuing treatment with P2Y12 platelet receptor inhibitors before surgery. Cangrelor, a short-acting, reversible, intravenously administered P2Y12 platelet inhibitor is effective in achieving appropriate platelet inhibition in patients who are awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and require P2Y12 inhibition. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of preoperative cangrelor on the incidence of perioperative complications, which are currently unknown. METHODS: Patients (n = 210) requiring preoperative clinical administration of thienopyridine therapy were randomized in a multicenter, double-blinded study to receive cangrelor or placebo while awaiting CABG after discontinuation of the thienopyridine. Optimal platelet reactivity, which was defined as <240 P2Y12 platelet reaction units, was measured with serial point-of-care testing (VerifyNow). Pre- and postoperative outcomes, bleeding values, and transfusion rates were compared. To quantify potential risk factors for bleeding, we developed a multivariate logistic model. RESULTS: The differences between the groups in bleeding and perioperative transfusion rates were not significantly different. The rate of CABG-related bleeding was 11.8% (12/102) in cangrelor-treated patients and 10.4% (10/96) in the placebo group (P = .763). Transfusion rates for the groups were similar. Serious postoperative adverse events for the cangrelor and placebo groups were 7.8% (8/102) and 5.2% (5/96), respectively (P = .454). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with placebo, bridging patients with cangrelor prior to CABG effectively maintains platelet inhibition without increasing post-CABG complications, including bleeding and the need for transfusions. These data suggest cangrelor treatment is a potential strategy for bridging patients requiring P2Y12 receptor inhibition while they await surgery.

Bridging antiplatelet therapy with cangrelor in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial.

CONTEXT: Thienopyridines are among the most widely prescribed medications, but their use can be complicated by the unanticipated need for surgery. Despite increased risk of thrombosis, guidelines recommend discontinuing thienopyridines 5 to 7 days prior to surgery to minimize bleeding. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of cangrelor, an intravenous, reversible P2Y(12) platelet inhibitor for bridging thienopyridine-treated patients to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, involving 210 patients with an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or treated with a coronary stent and receiving a thienopyridine awaiting CABG surgery to receive either cangrelor or placebo after an initial open-label, dose-finding phase (n = 11) conducted between January 2009 and April 2011. Interventions Thienopyridines were stopped and patients were administered cangrelor or placebo for at least 48 hours, which was discontinued 1 to 6 hours before CABG surgery. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary efficacy end point was platelet reactivity (measured in P2Y(12) reaction units [PRUs]), assessed daily. The main safety end point was excessive CABG surgery-related bleeding. RESULTS: The dose of cangrelor determined in 10 patients in the open-label stage was 0.75 µg/kg per minute. In the randomized phase, a greater proportion of patients treated with cangrelor had low levels of platelet reactivity throughout the entire treatment period compared with placebo (primary end point, PRU <240; 98.8% (83 of 84) vs 19.0% (16 of 84); relative risk [RR], 5.2 [95% CI, 3.3-8.1] P < .001). Excessive CABG surgery-related bleeding occurred in 11.8% (12 of 102) vs 10.4% (10 of 96) in the cangrelor and placebo groups, respectively (RR, 1.1 [95% CI, 0.5-2.5] P = .763). There were no significant differences in major bleeding prior to CABG surgery, although minor bleeding episodes were numerically higher with cangrelor. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients who discontinue thienopyridine therapy prior to cardiac surgery, the use of cangrelor compared with placebo resulted in a higher rate of maintenance of platelet inhibition. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00767507.

Evaluation of a new heparin agent in percutaneous coronary intervention: results of the phase 2 evaluation of M118 IN pErcutaNeous Coronary intErvention (EMINENCE) Trial.

BACKGROUND: Factor Xa and factor IIa (thrombin) play roles in thrombotic complications after percutaneous coronary intervention. M118 is a novel low-molecular-weight heparin that has been rationally designed to capture the desired attributes of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and low-molecular-weight heparin: Potent activity against factor Xa and IIa, predictable pharmacokinetics after both intravenous and subcutaneous administration, ability to be monitored by use of point-of-care coagulation assays, and reversibility with protamine sulfate. We performed a phase 2 randomized trial to evaluate the safety and feasibility of M118 in the setting of elective percutaneous coronary intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS: Overall, 503 patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention at 43 centers in the United States and Canada were randomized in an open-label fashion to 1 of 4 arms: UFH 70 U/kg, M118 50 IU/kg IV, M118 75 IU/kg IV, or M118 100 IU/kg IV. The primary outcome was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, stroke, thrombocytopenia, catheter thrombus, bailout use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor, or any bleeding through 30 days. The primary end point occurred in 31.1% of patients randomized to UFH and in 22.7%, 28.3%, and 30.1% of patients randomized to M118 50, 75, and 100 IU/kg, respectively. The primary analysis comparing the rates of the primary end points between the pooled M118 groups versus UFH demonstrated that M118 was noninferior to UFH at preventing percutaneous coronary intervention-related complications (28.4% pooled M118 arms versus 31.1% UFH). The adverse event profiles of M118 and UFH were comparable. CONCLUSIONS: This phase 2 randomized trial demonstrates that M118 is well tolerated and feasible to use as an anticoagulant in patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention and forms the basis for further investigation of this agent in ischemic heart disease. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00543400.

Myocardial iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine imaging and cardiac events in heart failure. Results of the prospective ADMIRE-HF (AdreView Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) study.

OBJECTIVES: The ADMIRE-HF (AdreView Myocardial Imaging for Risk Evaluation in Heart Failure) study prospectively evaluated iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine ((123)I-mIBG) imaging for identifying symptomatic heart failure (HF) patients most likely to experience cardiac events. BACKGROUND: Single-center studies have demonstrated the poorer prognosis of HF patients with reduced (123)I-mIBG myocardial uptake, but these observations have not been validated in large multicenter trials. METHODS: A total of 961 subjects with New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional class II/III HF and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < or =35% were studied. Subjects underwent (123)I-mIBG myocardial imaging (sympathetic neuronal integrity quantified as the heart/mediastinum uptake ratio [H/M] on 4-h delayed planar images) and myocardial perfusion imaging and were then followed up for up to 2 years. Time to first occurrence of NYHA functional class progression, potentially life-threatening arrhythmic event, or cardiac death was compared with H/M (either in relation to estimated lower limit of normal [1.60] or as a continuous variable) using Cox proportional hazards regression. Multivariable analyses using clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were also performed. RESULTS: A total of 237 subjects (25%) experienced events (median follow-up 17 months). The hazard ratio for H/M > or =1.60 was 0.40 (p < 0.001); the hazard ratio for continuous H/M was 0.22 (p < 0.001). Two-year event rate was 15% for H/M > or =1.60 and 37% for H/M <1.60; hazard ratios for individual event categories were as follows: HF progression, 0.49 (p = 0.002); arrhythmic events, 0.37 (p = 0.02); and cardiac death, 0.14 (p = 0.006). Significant contributors to the multivariable model were H/M, LVEF, B-type natriuretic peptide, and NYHA functional class. (123)I-mIBG imaging also provided additional discrimination in analyses of interactions between B-type natriuretic peptide, LVEF, and H/M. CONCLUSIONS: ADMIRE-HF provides prospective validation of the independent prognostic value of (123)I-mIBG scintigraphy in assessment of patients with HF. (Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine Scintigraphy Imaging in Patients With Heart Failure and Control Subjects Without Cardiovascular Disease, NCT00126425; Meta-Iodobenzylguanidine [123I-mIBG] Scintigraphy Imaging in Patients With Heart Failure and Control Subjects Without Cardiovascular Disease, NCT00126438).

Early and late benefits of prasugrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a TRITON-TIMI 38 (TRial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet InhibitioN with Prasugrel-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the relative contributions of the loading and maintenance doses of prasugrel on events in a TRITON-TIMI 38 (TRial to Assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by Optimizing Platelet InhibitioN with Prasugrel-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction) analysis. BACKGROUND: Prasugrel is superior to clopidogrel in preventing ischemic events in patients with an acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, but it is associated with an increased risk of major bleeding. METHODS: Landmark analyses for efficacy, safety, and net clinical benefit were performed from randomization to day 3 and from day 3 to the end of the trial. RESULTS: Significant reductions in ischemic events, including myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and urgent target vessel revascularization, were observed with the use of prasugrel both during the first 3 days and from 3 days to the end of the trial. Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction major non-coronary artery bypass graft bleeding was similar to clopidogrel during the first 3 days but was significantly greater with the use of prasugrel from 3 days to the end of the study. Net clinical benefit significantly favored prasugrel both early and late in the trial. CONCLUSIONS: Both the loading dose and maintenance dose of prasugrel were superior to clopidogrel for the reduction of ischemic events. This result emphasizes the importance of maintaining high levels of inhibition of platelet aggregation via P2Y(12) receptor inhibition, not only for the prevention of periprocedural ischemic events but also during long-term follow-up. The excess major bleeding observed with the use of prasugrel occurred predominantly during the maintenance phase. Approaches to reduce the relative excess of bleeding with prasugrel should focus on the maintenance dose (e.g., reduction in maintenance dose in previously reported high-risk subgroups, such as the elderly and those patients with low body weight). (A Comparison of CS-747 and Clopidogrel in Acute Coronary Syndrome Subjects Who Are to Undergo Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; NCT00097591).

Routine upstream initiation vs deferred selective use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: the ACUITY Timing trial.

CONTEXT: In patients with moderate- and high-risk acute coronary syndromes (ACS) who undergo an early, invasive treatment strategy, current guidelines recommend administration of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (Gp IIb/IIIa) inhibitors, either upstream to all patients prior to angiography or deferred for selective use in the catheterization laboratory just prior to angioplasty. The preferred approach is undetermined. OBJECTIVE: To determine the optimal strategy for the use of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients with moderate- and high-risk ACS undergoing an early, invasive treatment strategy. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, open-label trial with 30-day clinical follow-up. SETTING: Four hundred fifty academic and community-based institutions in 17 countries. PATIENTS: A total of 9207 patients with moderate- and high-risk ACS undergoing an invasive treatment strategy. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to receive either routine upstream (n=4605) or deferred selective (n=4602) Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor administration, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcome was assessment of noninferiority of deferred Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitor use compared with upstream administration for the prevention of composite ischemic events (death, myocardial infarction, or unplanned revascularization for ischemia) at 30 days, using a 1-sided alpha level of .025. Major secondary end points included noninferiority or superiority of major bleeding and net clinical outcomes (composite ischemia or major bleeding). RESULTS: Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were used more frequently (98.3% vs 55.7%, respectively) and for a significantly longer duration (median, 18.3 vs 13.1 hours; P<.001) in patients in the upstream group compared with the deferred group. Composite ischemia at 30 days occurred in 7.9% of patients assigned to deferred use compared with 7.1% of patients assigned to upstream administration (relative risk, 1.12; 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.29; P = .044 for noninferiority; P = .13 for superiority); as such, the criterion for noninferiority was not met. Deferred use compared with upstream use resulted in reduced 30-day rates of major bleeding (4.9% vs 6.1%, respectively; P<.001 for noninferiority; P = .009 for superiority) and similar rates of net clinical outcomes (11.7% vs 11.7%; P<.001 for noninferiority; P = .93 for superiority). CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with moderate- and high-risk ACS undergoing an invasive treatment strategy, deferring the routine upstream use of Gp IIb/IIIa inhibitors for selective administration in the cardiac catheterization laboratory only to patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention resulted in a numerical increase in composite ischemia that, while not statistically significant, did not meet the criterion for noninferiority. This finding was offset by a significant reduction in major bleeding. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00093158.